7.3. Functions

The argument types of function calls are resolved according to the following steps.

Function Argument Type Resolution

Select the functions to be considered from the pg_proc system catalog. If an unqualified function name is used, the functions considered are those of the right name and argument count that are visible in the current search path (see Section 2.8.3). If a qualified function name was given, only functions in the specified schema are considered.
1. If the search path finds multiple functions of identical argument types, only the one appearing earliest in the path is considered. But functions of different argument types are considered on an equal footing regardless of search path position.
Check for a function accepting exactly the input argument types. If one exists (there can be only one exact match in the set of functions considered), use it. (Cases involving unknown will never find a match at this step.)
If no exact match is found, see whether the function call appears to be a trivial type coercion request. This happens if the function call has just one argument and the function name is the same as the (internal) name of some data type. Furthermore, the function argument must be either an unknown-type literal or a type that is binary-compatible with the named data type. When these conditions are met, the function argument is coerced to the named data type without any explicit function call.
Look for the best match.
1. Discard candidate functions for which the input types do not match and cannot be coerced (using an implicit coercion function) to match. unknown literals are assumed to be coercible to anything for this purpose. If only one candidate remains, use it; else continue to the next step.
2. Run through all candidates and keep those with the most exact matches on input types. Keep all candidates if none have any exact matches. If only one candidate remains, use it; else continue to the next step.
3. Run through all candidates and keep those with the most exact or binary-compatible matches on input types. Keep all candidates if none have any exact or binary-compatible matches. If only one candidate remains, use it; else continue to the next step.
4. Run through all candidates and keep those that accept preferred types at the most positions where type coercion will be required. Keep all candidates if none accept preferred types. If only one candidate remains, use it; else continue to the next step.
5. If any input arguments are unknown, check the type categories accepted at those argument positions by the remaining candidates. At each position, select the string category if any candidate accepts that category (this bias towards string is appropriate since an unknown-type literal does look like a string). Otherwise, if all the remaining candidates accept the same type category, select that category; otherwise fail because the correct choice cannot be deduced without more clues. Also note whether any of the candidates accept a preferred data type within the selected category. Now discard candidates that do not accept the selected type category; furthermore, if any candidate accepts a preferred type at a given argument position, discard candidates that accept non-preferred types for that argument.
6. If only one candidate remains, use it. If no candidate or more than one candidate remains, then fail.

Examples

Example 7-4. Factorial Function Argument Type Resolution

There is only one int4fac function defined in the pg_proc catalog. So the following query automatically converts the int2 argument to int4:

tgl=> SELECT int4fac(int2 '4');
 int4fac
---------
      24
(1 row)

and is actually transformed by the parser to

tgl=> SELECT int4fac(int4(int2 '4'));
 int4fac
---------
      24
(1 row)

Example 7-5. Substring Function Type Resolution

There are two substr functions declared in pg_proc. However, only one takes two arguments, of types text and int4.

If called with a string constant of unspecified type, the type is matched up directly with the only candidate function type:

tgl=> SELECT substr('1234', 3);
 substr
--------
     34
(1 row)

If the string is declared to be of type varchar, as might be the case if it comes from a table, then the parser will try to coerce it to become text:

tgl=> SELECT substr(varchar '1234', 3);
 substr
--------
     34
(1 row)

which is transformed by the parser to become

tgl=> SELECT substr(text(varchar '1234'), 3);
 substr
--------
     34
(1 row)

Note: Actually, the parser is aware that text and varchar are binary-compatible, meaning that one can be passed to a function that accepts the other without doing any physical conversion. Therefore, no explicit type conversion call is really inserted in this case.

And, if the function is called with an int4, the parser will try to convert that to text:

tgl=> SELECT substr(1234, 3);
 substr
--------
     34
(1 row)

which actually executes as

tgl=> SELECT substr(text(1234), 3);
 substr
--------
     34
(1 row)

This succeeds because there is a conversion function text(int4) in the system catalog.